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Using Quotation Marks
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Using Quotation Marks
Quotation marks ("") have four uses:(1) To identify previously spoken or written words.
- Groucho Marx said: "Either he's dead or my watch has stopped."
- When the "Herald of Free Enterprise" left the port with her bow-door open, the sea flooded her decks almost instantly. Within minutes, she was lying on her side in shallow water.
- When the boss left, Peter's "mentor" took off his uniform and rushed back to the pub.
- "Dogs" is plural.
(1) Using Quotation Marks to Identify Previously Spoken or Written Words

- George Bernard Shaw said: "When a thing is funny, search it carefully for a hidden truth."
- Your uncle's observation wasn't meant to be just funny. Take Shaw's advice and "search it carefully for a hidden truth."
(2) Using Quotation Marks to Highlight the Name of Things Like Ships, Books, and Plays





(3) Using Quotation Marks to Signify So-Called or Alleged

- My "mates" drove off with my clothes.
- Using his father's equipment, Alexander found over 50,000 bacteria on a "clean" chopping board.
- His "wife" arrived 2 hours after Mr. Becket checked in.
- Oh no, I've dropped another. These eggs "know" when you're about to crack them.
(4) Using Quotation Marks to Show a Word Refers to the Word Itself

- "It's" is a contraction of "it is" or "it has". It's got no other uses.
- If you apply the Latin rule for forming a plural, then the plural of "octopus" is "octopi." However, "octopus" stems from Greek not Latin. If you apply the Greek rule, it's "octopodes," but even a Greek wouldn't use "octopodes" because the Greek word for octopus is "chtapodi." The plural of "octopus" is "octopuses."
More about Quotation Marks
There are five common issues related to quotation marks.(Issue 1) Being inconsistent with single or double quotation marks.

- She said: "My dog can say 'sausages' more clearly than the one on TV."
- Homer Simpson said: "Maybe, just once, someone will call me 'Sir' without adding 'you're making a scene.'"
- She said: 'My dog can say "sausages" more clearly than the one on TV.'
- My dog may not be able to add up, spell my name or say "sausages" or "Esther" like the ones you see on 'That's Life', but he can hold his own in a fight with a badger.
- The 'fresh' scallops ponged a bit and were pretty slimy.
- There's no 'a' in "definite". No, really, there isn't.
- The website states: "After 30 years, the 'Mary Rose' now has a permanent home in her new, state-of-the-art museum."
- She said: "I don't need 'friends' like you."
(Issue 2) Using quotation marks with reported speech
Quotation marks are not used for reported speech. (Reported speech is usually preceded by the word that.) Only use quotation marks for actual quotations of speech or writing.- The secretary said that "the phones were dead."
- The secretary said that the phones were dead.
- The secretary said that the phones were "dead."
- The secretary said, "The phones are dead."
- This morning, Alan said that he liked toast.
- This morning, Alan said that "he liked toast."
- Alan said, "I like toast."
(Issue 3) Being unsure whether to use a comma or a colon before a quotation.

(Rule 1) Use a colon if the introduction is an independent clause.
- New York gang members all advise the following: "Don't run from fat cops. They shoot earlier."
Read more about capitalization after a colon.
Read more about colons or commas before quotations.
(Rule 2) You can use a colon if the quotation is a complete sentence.
You could opt for a colon if the quotation itself is a complete sentence, especially if you intend to start it with a capital letter.
- The orders state: "In case of fire, exit the building before tweeting about it." (You could also use a comma here.)
You should go for a comma if the introduction is not an independent clause.
- Before each shot, the keeper said aloud, "bum, belly, beak, bang." (Use a comma if the introduction is not an independent clause and the quotation is not a sentence.)
- Peering over his glasses, he said, "Never test the depth of a river with both feet." (You could also use a colon here because the quotation is a complete sentence.)
Only a comma can be used after a quotation.
- "Always give 100%, unless you're donating blood", he would always say. (A colon is not an option. The question of whether the comma should be inside or outside the quotation mark is covered on Issue 4 below.)
It is common for quotations to be used without introductions. When there's no introduction, don't use any punctuation.
- I believe there really is, "no place like home." (There should be no comma.)
- I would hate to see the worst if this is the, "best skiing resort in France".
(Issue 4) Being unsure whether to place punctuation inside or outside the quotation.

Punctuation | UK Convention | US Convention |
---|---|---|
. and , |
Place your full stops and commas outside (unless they appear in the original).
|
Place your full stops and commas inside.
|
! and ? |
Place exclamation marks and question marks inside or outside according to logic.
| |
?, !, and . |
Don't double up with end marks. But, if you must, you can.
|
Don't double up with end marks.
|
: and ; |
Place colons and semicolons outside the quotation.
|
|
More on ?, ! and . |
Don't end a quotation with a period (full stop) when the quotation doesn't end the whole sentence. There's more leniency with question and exclamation marks, but try to avoid that situation too.
|
(Issue 5) Using quotation marks for emphasis.
Don't use quotation marks for emphasis. Firstly, it's not a recognized use for quotation marks, and, secondly, your readers could read them as meaning alleged or so-called.- We sell "fresh" fish.
- Welcome to a "clean" Western restaurant.
- Nest single quotation marks within doubles.
- The instructions say: "Shout 'Yahtzee' loudly."
- Don't put reported speech in quotation marks.
- He said that "he did shout it loudly."
- He said: "I shouted it clearly."
One More Point about Quotation Marks
Using Ellipsis (Three Dots) in a Quotation

- Original: " I'm never going to be famous. My name will never be writ large on the roster of Those Who Do Things. I don't do anything. Not one single thing. I used to bite my nails, but I don't even do that anymore." (Dorothy Parker, 1893-1967)
- With ellipsis: "I'm never going to be famous...I don't do anything...I used to bite my nails, but I don't even do that anymore." (Dorothy Parker, 1893-1967)
Read more about three dots (ellipsis) within speech marks
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