Using Apostrophes

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The Rules for Using Apostrophes

The apostrophe is only small, but it is a real grammar villain. It is responsible for lots of writing errors. In fact, of all the punctuation marks, the apostrophe is the one with most potential to damage your credibility because your readers will expect you to know how to use apostrophes.

Apostrophes are used in four ways:

• to show possession (e.g., dog's dinner)
• in time expressions (e.g., 2 years' pay)
• in contractions (e.g., isn't)
• to show awkward plurals, but only very awkward plural (e.g., i's and a's)

Four Ways to Use Apostrophes

We will cover all four uses of the apostrophe in detail later in the lesson. For now, here are more examples of the four ways to use apostrophes with a key observation for each one:

(1) To show possession.

• a dog's kennel
• our boys' bedroom
• the children's toys

(2) To write time expressions.

• a day's pay
• two weeks' holiday
• one month's salary

(3) To replace letters in contractions.

• can't
• it's
• you're

(4) To show awkward plurals.

• Accommodation has two a's.
• Hawaii has two i's.
• There are three big if's.

Three Common Mistakes with Apostrophes

Apostrophes are responsible for some serious writing errors. Here are the three most common mistakes related to apostrophes:

(1) To show normal plurals.

• three cat's (should be "cats")
• good idea's (should be "ideas")
• two video's (should be "videos")

(2) Randomly before the letter "s."

• He like's pies. (should be "likes")
• Jack agree's with you. (should be "agrees")
• Time fly's like an arrow. Fruit fly's like a banana. (should be "flies")

(3) Using a contraction incorrectly.

• She likes you're dress. (should be "your")
• I can see it's tail. (should be "its")
• They're parents live in Scotland. (should be "their")

Use of Apostrophes Explained in Detail

This section explains when to use apostrophes in more detail and gives examples for each way apostrophes are used.

(1) Using Apostrophes for Possession

Apostrophes are used to show possession. For example:

• The dog's kennel
• The dogs' kennel

Does the apostrophe go before or after the "s"?

The big question is whether to put the apostrophe before the "s" or after the "s." The basic rules are as follows:

The Basic Rules

The apostrophe goes before the "s" for a singular possessor:

• one dog's kennel

It goes after the "s" for a plural possessor:

• two dogs' kennel

There are exceptions to these rules, and they are covered below. However, here is a simple 100% rule that works for everything:

The 100% Rule: Everything to the left of the apostrophe is the possessor.

Write the word as you'd say it (e.g., "dogs kennel"), and then apply this rule. You get dog's for one dog, and dogs' for more than one. This rule works for everything, even the exceptions.

Keep in mind that, in the two examples above, "dog" and "dogs" are the possessors. The position of the apostrophe has nothing to do with "kennel." That word can be singular or plural. It makes no difference whatsoever to where the apostrophe goes. For example:

• One dog's dinner
• One dog's dinners
• Two dogs' dinner
• Two dogs' dinners

The apostrophe-placement ruling seems quite straightforward, but there are exceptions.

An exception to the rule: plural words that don't end "s"

The most notable exception is when the plural doesn't end in "s" (e.g., "children," "women," "people," "men"). These words have the apostrophe before the "s" (even though they're plural). For example:

• children's toys
• women's hat
(Here's another issue. It's not always about possession. This means a hat for women. Similarly, "Picasso's painting" is a painting by Picasso. He doesn't own it. Sometimes, it's about "possession" in the loosest terms.)
• people's poet
• men's sizes

Another exception to the rule: singular words that end "s"

Another quirk is that singular nouns ending "s" (e.g., "Wales," "Moses," "John Wells") form their possessive forms either by adding ' (just an apostrophe) or 's depending on how you (personally) say the possessive form. For example:

• John Wells' report
(This is correct. It is used by those who would say "John Wells report" as opposed to "John Wellsiz report.")
• John Wells's report
(This is also correct. It is used by those who would say "John Wellsiz report.")

Be aware that some style guides state you can't use the 's version for religious characters. So, if you're talking about the likes of "Jesus" or "Moses," you might want to opt for the Jesus' and Moses' versions as opposed to Jesus's and Moses's.

Are You Good at Possessive Apostrophes?

Here's a quick test.

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(2) Using Apostrophes in Time Expressions

Apostrophes can be used in time expressions (also called "temporal expressions") like "a day's pay" and "two weeks' notice."

The big question with these is where to put the apostrophe. The ruling is quite simple: the apostrophe goes before the "s" for a single unit of time (e.g., one day's pay) and after the "s" when it's more than one (e.g., two days' pay).

Examples:

• I never did a day's work in my life. It was all fun. (Inventor Thomas Edison)
• It's not worth it for just two minutes' pleasure.

It's not always about time. For example:

• I live a stone's throw away.

Don't think you have to use an apostrophe every time you write "seconds," "minutes," "hours," "days," "weeks," "months," etc. Only use an apostrophe where the word "of" could have been used.

• a year's insurance
(a year "of" insurance)
• two weeks' holiday
(two weeks "of" holiday)

Read more on apostrophes used in time expressions

(3) Using Apostrophes to Replace Letters in Contractions

An apostrophe can be used to replace a letter or letters (e.g., "isn't," "can't"). The new word formed is called a contraction. Contractions are not usually used in formal correspondence.

• When I was born I was so surprised I didn't talk for a year and a half. (Comedian Gracie Allen)
• Life is something that happens when you can't get to sleep. (Author Fran Lebowitz)

Contractions are most commonly used in informal writing to reflect how we speak. These two contractions are notorious grammar villains: it's and you're.

Read more on apostrophes replacing letters

(4) Using Apostrophes in Awkward Plurals

The first thing to say about this topic is that apostrophes are not normally used to show plurals, and lots of your readers will hate it if you use an apostrophe for this purpose. However, that said, there are times when it helps to use an apostrophe to show a plural. For example:

• There are two i's in skiing.
• You use too many but's in your writing.

Of course, there are other ways of writing these. For example:

• There are two Is in skiing.
• You use too many "but"s in your writing.

The bottom line is apostrophes can be used in this way and for good reason — the apostrophe version is usually neater and clearer. However, be aware that you run the risk of annoying a high proportion of your readers if you do it. Read more on apostrophes used to show unusual plurals.

Using Apostrophes Incorrectly with Plurals

Don't add an apostrophe to a word just because the word ends with the letter "s." This is a common mistake, and it is a grammatical howler. (In other words, your readers will think you're a bit dim if you keep doing it.)

This mistake is most commonly seen when people form the plurals of nouns, but it happens with verbs too; e.g., He eat's pies.

Examples:

• I like pig's. Dog's look up to us. Cat's look down on us. Pig's treat us as equal's.
(These are all wrong.)
• I like pigs. Dogs look up to us. Cats look down on us. Pigs treat us as
  equals.
• A spoken word is not a sparrow. Once it fly's out, you cannot catch it.
(This mistake is sometimes made with verbs too. This should be "flies.")
• Tomato's and oregano make it Italian; wine and tarragon make it French; garlic makes it good.
(This mistake is particularly common when forming the plural of a noun which ends in a vowel (e.g., video's , banana's ). It should be "tomatoes" in this example.)

Read more on apostrophes used incorrectly with plurals.

Video Lesson

Here is a video summarizing the use of apostrophes:

Video on Possessive Apostrophes (A Neat Trick)

Here is a short video summarizing how to use possessive apostrophes:

Are you a visual learner? Do you prefer video to text? Here is a list of all our grammar videos.

An Infographic Explaining the History

This infographic explains the history behind the possessive apostrophe. It really helps!

Show me an infographic

Read more on apostrophes to show possession.

Printable Test