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Period (Full Stop) Inside or Outside the Bracket?
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Brackets and Period (Full Stop) Placement
Does the period (full stop) go inside or outside the closing bracket? This is a common question. Here are the overarching rules:Rule 1. If the parentheses (i.e., the round brackets) contain a complete sentence, then the period (full stop) for that sentence is placed inside the closing bracket.
For example:
- Lee loves cheese-and-onion pies and eats at least two a day. (On weekends, he routinely eats four.) However, he burns hundreds of calories cycling to work.
For example:
- Lee loves cheese-and-onion pies and eats at least two a day (four at weekends). However, he burns hundreds of calories cycling to work.
- Lee loves cheese-and-onion pies and eats at least two a day (four at weekends.) However, he burns hundreds of calories cycling to work.

End Punctuation with Brackets Follows Logic
The use of end punctuation with brackets follows logic. If the end punctuation belongs to the text inside the brackets, keep it inside. If it belongs to the text outside the brackets, leave it outside.More Examples of Periods (Full Stops) with Brackets
Here are some more examples showing period placements with closed brackets:- Turtles communicate at an extremely low frequency that can only be heard through a hydrophone (a microphone used underwater).
- Percy Spencer invented the microwave while working as a researcher for the American Appliance Company (now called Raytheon). After noticing that the radar set melted the candy bar in his pocket, he had the idea to make a metal box using microwaves to heat food. He received a $2 bonus from the company, but he never received any royalties for his invention. (It was the company that filed the patent.)
A Sentence in Brackets within a Sentence
Confusion arises when there is a complete sentence within a sentence (as opposed to afterwards). For example:- Great white sharks generally hunt by detecting the electrical fields (They can detect less than one billionth of a volt) emitted by the movements of their prey.
- As the wine-growing season in France (we lived in France during my twenties) draws to a close, the festivals start.
There's one more quirk. If the text inside your brackets (regardless of whether it's a full sentence or not) warrants a question mark or an exclamation mark, you must include them with the text inside the bracket. For example:
- I ate a whole pack of chocolate biscuits (is that 24?).
- I ate a whole pack (yes, a whole pack!) of chocolate biscuits.
Read about square brackets. Read more about round brackets.
Read about square brackets.
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