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Adjectives

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What Are Adjectives?

Adjectives are words that describe nouns (or pronouns). "Old," "green," and "cheerful" are examples of adjectives. (It might be useful to think of adjectives as "describing words.")

This infographic shows where an adjective sits in relation to the noun it describes:

What are adjectives?

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Examples of Adjectives

Here are some examples of adjectives. (In each example, the adjective is highlighted.)

Adjective Before the Noun

An adjective usually comes directly before the noun it describes (or "modifies," as grammarians say).

old man
green coat
cheerful one

When adjectives are used like this, they're called attributive adjectives.

Adjective After the Noun

An adjective can come after the noun.

Jack was old.
It looks green.
He seems cheerful.

In the three examples above, the adjectives follow linking verbs ("was," "looks," and "seems") to describe the noun or pronoun. (When adjectives are used like this, they're called predicative adjectives.)

Adjective Immediately After the Noun

Sometimes, an adjective comes immediately after a noun.

the Princess Royal
time immemorial
body beautiful
the best seats available
the worst manners imaginable

When adjectives are used like this, they're called postpositive adjectives. Postpositive adjectives are more common with pronouns.

someone interesting
those present
something evil

A Video Summary

Here is a video summarizing this lesson on adjectives.

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More about Adjectives

Descriptive Adjectives and Determiners

In traditional grammar, words like "his," "this," "many," and even "a" and "the" are classified as adjectives. However, in contemporary grammar, such words are classified as determiners (see below). Be aware that, for many people, the word adjective refers only to descriptive adjectives. A descriptive adjective will usually fit into one of the following categories:

Category	Example
Appearance	attractive, burly, clean, dusty
Colour	azure, blue, cyan, dark
Condition	absent, broken, careful, dead
Personality	annoying, brave, complex, dizzy
Quantity	ample, bountiful, countless, deficient
Sense	aromatic, bitter, cold, deafening
Size and Shape	angular, broad, circular, deep
Time	ancient, brief, concurrent, daily

The rise of determiners means that we now have nine parts of speech not the traditional eight.

Traditional Grammar	Contemporary Grammar
Adjectives Adverbs Conjunctions Interjections Nouns Prepositions Pronouns Verbs	Adjectives Adverbs Conjunctions Determiners Interjections Nouns Prepositions Pronouns Verbs

The Difference between Adjectives and Determiners

For centuries, the term "adjective" has been used for a word type now called a determiner. For example, the words "his," "this," "many" are classified as possessive adjective, demonstrative adjective, and indefinite adjective respectively. In contemporary grammar, however, these are classified as determiners, specifically possessive determiner, demonstrative determiner, and indefinite determiner. Of interest, such determiners are still classified as adjectives by most people, but this situation is changing quickly [evidence].)

Determiners indicate qualities such as the following:

Possession (e.g., "my dog")
Specificity (e.g., "that dog")
Quantity (e.g., "one dog")
Definiteness (e.g., "a dog")

The Four Main Differences between Adjectives and Determiners

Regardless of whether you use the word "determiner" or "adjective" for such words, this much is true: determiners are not like descriptive adjectives. Here are the four main differences between determiners and normal adjectives:

(Difference 1) A determiner cannot have a comparative form.

Descriptive adjective: pretty > prettier
Determiner: that > [nothing fits here]

(Difference 2) A determiner often cannot be removed from the sentence.

Descriptive adjectives removed: The ~~young~~ boy stole a ~~silver~~ watch.
Determiner: ~~The~~ Young boy stole a silver watch.

(Difference 3) A determiner often refers back to something (i.e., it's like a pronoun).

Determiner: Release those prisoners immediately.

antecedent

(Difference 4) A determiner cannot be used as a subject complement.

Descriptive adjective: She is intelligent.
Determiner: She is [nothing fits here].

Here is a brief description of the main determiners. (There is a separate page on each one.)

Type	Examples
Possessive Determiners. The possessive determiners (called "possessive adjectives" in traditional grammar) are "my," "your," "his," "her," "its," "our," "their," and "whose." A possessive determiner sits before a noun (or a pronoun) to show who (or what) owns it.	When a man opens a car door for his wife, it's either a new car or a new wife. (Prince Philip) The only time a wife listens to her husband is when he's asleep. (Cartoonist Chuck Jones) Read more about possessive determiners/adjectives.
Demonstrative Determiners. The demonstrative determiners (called "demonstrative adjectives" in traditional grammar) are "this," "that," "these," and "those." A demonstrative determiner makes a noun (or a pronoun) more specific by relating it to something previously mentioned or something being demonstrated.	That man's silence is wonderful to listen to. (Novelist Thomas Hardy) Maybe this world is another planet's hell. (Writer Aldous Huxley) Read more about demonstrative determiners/adjectives.
Articles. The articles are the words "a," "an," and "the." They are used to define whether something is specific or unspecific.	The poets are only the interpreters of the gods. (Philosopher Socrates) I'm an optimist – but an optimist who carries a raincoat. (Prime Minister Harold Wilson) Read more about the articles.
Numbers (or Cardinal Numbers). The cardinal numbers are "one," "two," "three," etc. (as opposed by "first," "second," "third," etc., which are known as ordinal numbers). Cardinal numbers are used to specify quantity. They are part of the group of determiners known as "quantifiers."	If two wrongs don't make a right, try three wrongs. (Canadian educator Laurence Peter) One loyal friend is worth ten thousand relatives. (Greek Tragedian Euripides) Read more about "quantifiers" on the determiners page.
Indefinite Determiners. The most common indefinite determiners (called "indefinite adjectives" in traditional grammar) are "no," "any," "many," "few," "several," and "some." Indefinite determiners modify nouns in a non-specific way usually relating to quantity. Like numbers, they are part of the group of determiners known as "quantifiers."	If you live to be one hundred, you've got it made. Very few people die past that age. (Comedian George Burns) If this is coffee, please bring me some tea; but if this is tea, please bring me some coffee. (US President Abraham Lincoln) Read more about indefinite determiners/adjectives.
Interrogative Determiners. The most common interrogative determiners (called "interrogative adjectives" in traditional grammar) are "which," "what," and "whose." They are used to ask questions.	If you decide that you're indecisive, which one are you? What hair colour do they put on bald person's driving licence? Read more about interrogative determiners/adjectives.

Nouns Used as Adjectives

Many words that are usually nouns can function as adjectives. For example:

autumn colours
boat race
computer shop
Devon cream
electricity board
fruit fly

Here are some real-life examples:

Not all face masks are created equal. (Entrepreneur Hannah Bronfman)
You cannot make a revolution with silk gloves. (Premier Joseph Stalin)

When used like adjectives, nouns are known as attributive nouns.

Participles Used as Adjectives

Formed from a verb, a participle is a word that can be used as an adjective. There are two types of participle:

The present participle (ending -"ing")
The past participle (usually ending -"ed," -"d," -"t," -"en," or -"n")

Here are some examples of participles as adjectives:

The most exciting phrase to hear in science, the one that heralds new discoveries, is not "Eureka!" but "That's funny." (Writer Isaac Asimov)
Always be wary of any helpful item that weighs less than its operating manual. (Author Terry Pratchett)
While the spoken word can travel faster, you can't take it home in your hand. Only the written word can be absorbed wholly at the convenience of the reader. (Educator Kingman Brewster)
We all have friends and loved ones who say 60 is the new 30. No, it's the new 60. (Fashion model Iman)

A participle is classified as a verbal (a verb form that functions as a noun or an adjective).

Infinitives Used as Adjectives

An infinitive verb (e.g., "to run," "to jump") can also function as an adjective.

No human creature can give orders to love. (French novelist George Sand) (Here, the infinitive "to love" describes the noun "orders.")
Progress is man's ability to complicate simplicity. (Norwegian adventurer Thor Heyerdahl)

The Order of Adjectives

When two or more adjectives are strung together, they should be ordered according to the following list:

Placement	Type of Adjective	Examples
1	Article, Demonstrative Determiner, or Possessive Determiner	a, an, the this, that, those, these my, your, his, our
2	Quantity	one, three, ninety-nine
3	Opinion or Observation	beautiful, clever, witty, well-mannered
4	Size	big, medium-sized, small
5	Physical Quality	thin, lumpy, cluttered
6	Shape	square, round, long
7	Age	young, middle-aged, old
8	Colour/Color	red, blue, purple
9	Origin or Religion	French, Buddhist
10	Material	metal, leather, wooden
11	Type	L-shaped, two-sided, all-purpose
12	Purpose, or Attributive Noun	mixing, drinking, cooking service, football, head

Here is an example of a 14-adjective string (shaded) that is ordered correctly:

my two lovely XL thin tubular new white Spanish metallic hinged correcting knee braces.

Regardless of how many adjectives are used (more than 3 is rare), the established order is still followed.

That's a lovely mixing bowl
Who's nicked my two black, wooden spoons?
Give your ticket to the Italian old waiter.

This list of precedence is not universally agreed, but all versions are similar. The area of most dispute is age and shape. The order can change for emphasis too. If there were two old waiters, one Italian and one Spanish, then the wrong example above would be correct, and the word "Italian" would be emphasized.

If you're a native English speaker, you are safe to ignore this list and let your instinct guide you. (Remarkably, you already know this, even if you don't know you know it.)

Using Commas with a List of Adjectives

In order to understand when to use commas between multiple adjectives, you must learn the difference between cumulative adjectives and coordinate adjectives.

With cumulative adjectives, specificity builds with each adjective, so you cannot separate cumulative adjectives with commas, and they must follow the order of precedence in the table above. Coordinate adjectives are different. They describe the noun independently, which means they can follow any order. Coordinate adjectives should be separated with commas or the word "and." Here are some examples of each type:

Cumulative adjectives:

A bright green metal mixing bowl

Coordinate adjectives:

A green, lumpy bowl
A lumpy, green bowl

Compound Adjectives

Not all adjectives are single words. Often, a single adjective will consist of two or more words. A single adjective with more than one word is called a compound adjective. For example:

Happiness is having a large, loving, caring, close-knit family in another city. (Comedian George Burns)
Be a good-looking corpse. Leave a good-looking tattoo. (Actor Ed Westwick)
I like the busted-nose look. (Actor Peter Dinklage)

Compound adjectives are usually grouped with hyphens to show they are one adjective.

Adjective Phrases

In real-life sentences, adjectives are often accompanied by modifiers like adverbs (e.g., "very," "extremely") and prepositional phrases (e.g., "...with me," "...about the man"). In other words, an adjective (shown in bold) will often feature in an "adjective phrase" (shaded).

My bankers are very happy with me. (The popstar formerly known as Prince)
The dragonfly is an exceptionally beautiful insect but a fierce carnivore.

Here's a more formal definition:

Formal Definition for Adjective Phrase

An adjective phrase is a group of words headed by an adjective that describes a noun.

Adjective Clauses

The last thing to say about adjectives is that clauses can also function as adjectives. With an adjective clause, the clause is linked to the noun being described with a relative pronoun ("who," "whom," "whose," "that," or "which") or a relative adverb ("when," "where," or "why"). Like all clauses, it will have a subject and a verb.

The people who make history are not the people who make it but the people who make it and then write about it. (Musician Julian Cope)
I live in that solitude which is painful in youth but delicious in the years of maturity. (Physicist Albert Einstein)

Here's a formal definition:

Formal Definition for Adjective Clause

An adjective clause is a multi-word adjective that includes a subject and a verb.

Why Should I Care about Adjectives?

This section covers a lot of adjective-associated terms, most of which have their own pages that highlight their quirks and issues. Below are five top-level points linked to adjectives.

(Point 1) Reduce your wordcount with the right adjective.

Try to avoid using words like "very" and "extremely" to modify adjectives. Pick better adjectives.

very happy boy > delighted boy
very angry > livid
extremely posh hotel > luxurious hotel
really serious look > stern look

The examples above are not wrong, but they are not succinct. The best writing is precise and concise.

(Point 2) Reduce your wordcount by removing adjectives.

Picking the right noun can eliminate the need for an adjective.

whaling ship > whaler
disorderly crowd > mob
organized political dissenting group > faction

You can also reduce your wordcount by removing redundant adjectives.

joint cooperation > cooperation
necessary requirement > requirement
handwritten manuscript > manuscript

The examples above are not wrong, but they are not succinct. The needless repetition of a single concept is known as tautology.

(Point 3) Avoid incomprehensible strings of "adjectives."

In business writing (especially with technical subjects), it is not unusual to encounter strings of attributive nouns. In each example below, the attributive-noun string is shaded.

Factor in the service level agreement completion time. (difficult to understand)
Engineers will install the email retrieval process improvement software. (difficult)
He heads the network services provision team. (difficult)
The system needs a remote encryption setting reset. (difficult)

Noun strings like these are difficult to follow. If you use one, you will almost certainly bring the reading flow of your readers to a screeching halt as they stop to unpick the meaning, or, worse, they'll zone out and skim over your words without understanding them.

To avoid such barely intelligible noun strings, do one or all of the following:

Completely rearrange the sentence.
Convert one of the nouns to a verb.
Use hyphens to highlight the compound adjectives.

Here are the reworked sentences:

Factor in the time to complete the service-level agreement. (better)
Engineers will install the software to improve the email-retrieval process. (better)
He heads the team providing network services. (better)
The system needs a reset of the remote-encryption setting. (better)

(Point 4) Don't complete a linking verb with an adverb.

Most writers correctly use an adjective after a linking verb.

It tastes nice. It smells nice. It seems nice. By Jove, it is nice.

There's an issue though. For some, the linking verb "to feel" doesn't feel like a linking verb and, knowing that adverbs modify verbs, they use an adverb.

I feel badly for letting you down.

This error happens with other linking verbs too, but it's most common with "to feel."

Bad service and food tasted awfully. (Title of an online restaurant review by "Vanessa")

(Point 5) Use postpositive adjectives for emphasis.

Putting an adjective immediately after a noun (i.e., using the adjective postpositively) is a technique for creating emphasis. (The deliberate changing of normal word order for emphasis is called anastrophe.)

I suppressed my thoughts sinful and revengeful.
The sea stormy and perilous steadily proceeded.

Key Points

Go concise by going precise.
Improve sentence flow by avoiding long attributive-noun strings.
Don't say you feel badly unless you're bad at feeling stuff.
Use an adjective postpositively to create a thought everlasting.

Ready for the Test?

Here is a confirmatory test for this lesson.

This test can also be:

Edited (i.e., you can delete questions and play with the order of the questions).
Printed to create a handout.
Sent electronically to friends or students.

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Games for Learning Adjectives

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