Adjectives

What Are Adjectives? (with Examples)

Adjectives are words that describe people, places, or things. "Old," "green," and "cheerful" are examples of adjectives. (It might be useful to think of adjectives as "describing words.")

Here are some examples of adjectives in sentences:

• John is a tall man.
• New York is a busy city.
• This is a tasty apple.

Notice how the adjectives (the shaded words) describe "man," "city," and "apple." The words being described are called nouns. So, adjectives describe nouns.

More Examples of Adjectives

Here are some more examples of adjectives. (In each example, the adjective is highlighted.)

Adjective Before the Noun

An adjective usually comes directly before the noun it describes (or "modifies," as grammarians say).

• old man
• green coat
• cheerful one
("One" is a type of pronoun. Pronouns are words that replace nouns. So, adjectives can modify pronouns too.)

When adjectives are used like this, they're called attributive adjectives.

Adjective After the Noun

An adjective can come after the noun.

• Jack was old.
• It looks green.
• He seems cheerful.

In the three examples above, the adjectives follow linking verbs ("was," "looks," and "seems") to describe the noun or pronoun. (When adjectives are used like this, they're called predicative adjectives.)

Adjective Immediately After the Noun

Sometimes, an adjective comes immediately after a noun.

• the Princess Royal
• time immemorial
• body beautiful
• the best seats available
• the worst manners imaginable

When adjectives are used like this, they're called postpositive adjectives. Postpositive adjectives are more common with pronouns.

• someone interesting
• those present
• something evil

Infographic for Adjectives

This infographic shows where an adjective sits in relation to the noun it describes:

Printable and Sendable Test

Video Lesson

Here is a video summarizing this lesson on adjectives.

More about Adjectives

Descriptive Adjectives and Determiners

All the adjectives we've seen so far have been descriptive adjectives. A descriptive adjective will usually fit into one of the following categories:

Category	Example
Appearance	attractive, burly, clean, dusty
Colour	azure, blue, cyan, dark
Condition	absent, broken, careful, dead
Personality	annoying, brave, complex, dizzy
Quantity	ample, bountiful, countless, deficient
Sense	aromatic, bitter, cold, deafening
Size and Shape	angular, broad, circular, deep
Time	ancient, brief, concurrent, daily

In traditional grammar, words like "his," "this," "many," and even "a" and "the" are also classified as adjectives. However, in contemporary grammar, such words are classified as determiners.

So, for many people, the word "adjective" refers only to descriptive adjectives. The rise of the term "determiner" means that we now have nine parts of speech, not the traditional eight. Here is a table showing the different types of determiners:

Type	Examples
Possessive Determiners. "my," "your," "his," "her," "its," "our," "their," and "whose."	When a man opens a car door for his wife, it's either a new car or a new wife. (Prince Philip) The only time a wife listens to her husband is when he's asleep. (Cartoonist Chuck Jones) Read more about possessive determiners/adjectives.
Demonstrative Determiners. "this," "that," "these," and "those."	That man's silence is wonderful to listen to. (Novelist Thomas Hardy) Maybe this world is another planet's hell. (Writer Aldous Huxley) Read more about demonstrative determiners/adjectives.
Articles. "a," "an," and "the."	The poets are only the interpreters of the gods. (Philosopher Socrates) I'm an optimist – but an optimist who carries a raincoat. (Prime Minister Harold Wilson) Read more about the articles.
Numbers (or Cardinal Numbers). "one," "two," "three," etc.	If two wrongs don't make a right, try three wrongs. (Canadian educator Laurence Peter) One loyal friend is worth ten thousand relatives. (Greek Tragedian Euripides) Read more about "quantifiers" on the determiners page.
Indefinite Determiners. "no," "any," "many," "few," "several," "some," etc.	If you live to be one hundred, you've got it made. Very few people die past that age. (Comedian George Burns) If this is coffee, please bring me some tea; but if this is tea, please bring me some coffee. (US President Abraham Lincoln) Read more about indefinite determiners/adjectives.
Interrogative Determiners. "which," "what," and "whose."	If you decide that you're indecisive, which one are you? What hair colour do they put on bald person's driving licence? Read more about interrogative determiners/adjectives.

Read more about the difference between adjectives and determiners.

Nouns Used as Adjectives

Many words that are usually nouns can function as adjectives. For example:

• autumn colours
• boat race
• computer shop
• Devon cream
• electricity board
• fruit fly

Here are some real-life examples:

• Not all face masks are created equal. (Entrepreneur Hannah Bronfman)
• You cannot make a revolution with silk gloves. (Premier Joseph Stalin)

When used like adjectives, nouns are known as attributive nouns.

Participles Used as Adjectives

Formed from a verb, a participle is a word that can be used as an adjective. There are two types of participle:

• The present participle (ending -"ing")
• The past participle (usually ending -"ed," -"d," -"t," -"en," or -"n")

Here are some examples of participles as adjectives:

• The most exciting phrase to hear in science, the one that heralds new discoveries, is not "Eureka!" but "That's funny." (Writer Isaac Asimov)
• Always be wary of any helpful item that weighs less than its operating manual. (Author Terry Pratchett)
• While the spoken word can travel faster, you can't take it home in your hand. Only the written word can be absorbed wholly at the convenience of the reader. (Educator Kingman Brewster)
• We all have friends and loved ones who say 60 is the new 30. No, it's the new 60. (Fashion model Iman)

A participle is classified as a verbal (a verb form that functions as a noun or an adjective).

Infinitives Used as Adjectives

An infinitive verb (e.g., "to run," "to jump") can also function as an adjective.

• No human creature can give orders to love. (French novelist George Sand) (Here, the infinitive "to love" describes the noun "orders.")
• Progress is man's ability to complicate simplicity. (Norwegian adventurer Thor Heyerdahl)
(An infinitive will often head its own phrase. Here, the infinitive phrase "to complicate simplicity" describes the noun "ability.")

Read more about infinitive verbs.

All the Parts of Speech

Here is a video for beginners that summarizes all the parts of speech.

The Order of Adjectives

When two or more adjectives are strung together, they should be ordered according to the following list:

Placement	Type of Adjective	Examples
1	Article, Demonstrative Determiner, or Possessive Determiner	a, an, the this, that, those, these my, your, his, our
2	Quantity	one, three, ninety-nine
3	Opinion or Observation	beautiful, clever, witty, well-mannered
4	Size	big, medium-sized, small
5	Physical Quality	thin, lumpy, cluttered
6	Shape	square, round, long
7	Age	young, middle-aged, old
8	Colour/Color	red, blue, purple
9	Origin or Religion	French, Buddhist
10	Material	metal, leather, wooden
11	Type	L-shaped, two-sided, all-purpose
12	Purpose, or Attributive Noun	mixing, drinking, cooking service, football, head

Here is an example of a 14-adjective string (shaded) that is ordered correctly:

• my two lovely XL thin tubular new white Spanish metallic hinged correcting knee braces.

Regardless of how many adjectives are used (more than 3 is rare), the established order is still followed.

• That's a lovely mixing bowl
(1: Determiner 2: Opinion 3: Purpose)
• Who's nicked my two black, wooden spoons?
(1: Number 2: Colour 3: Material)
• Give your ticket to the Italian old waiter.
(Age comes before origin. Therefore, "the old Italian waiter" would have been better.)

This list of precedence is not universally agreed, but all versions are similar. The area of most dispute is age and shape. The order can change for emphasis too. If there were two old waiters, one Italian and one Spanish, then the wrong example above would be correct, and the word "Italian" would be emphasized.

If you're a native English speaker, you are safe to ignore this list and let your instinct guide you. (Remarkably, you already know this, even if you don't know you know it.)

Using Commas with a List of Adjectives

In order to understand when to use commas between multiple adjectives, you must learn the difference between cumulative adjectives and coordinate adjectives.

With cumulative adjectives, specificity builds with each adjective, so you cannot separate cumulative adjectives with commas, and they must follow the order of precedence in the table above. Coordinate adjectives are different. They describe the noun independently, which means they can follow any order. Coordinate adjectives should be separated with commas or the word "and." Here are some examples of each type:

Cumulative adjectives:

• A bright green metal mixing bowl
(These are cumulative adjectives. Their order cannot be changed. They follow the precedent list. There are no commas.)

Coordinate adjectives:

• A green, lumpy bowl
• A lumpy, green bowl
(These are coordinate adjectives. As shown, their order can be changed. They should be separated with commas or the word "and.")

Read more about the order of adjectives and punctuating them.

Compound Adjectives

Not all adjectives are single words. Often, a single adjective will consist of two or more words. A single adjective with more than one word is called a compound adjective. For example:

• Happiness is having a large, loving, caring, close-knit family in another city. (Comedian George Burns)
• Be a good-looking corpse. Leave a good-looking tattoo. (Actor Ed Westwick)
• I like the busted-nose look. (Actor Peter Dinklage)

Compound adjectives are usually grouped with hyphens to show they are one adjective.

Read more about compound adjectives.

Adjective Phrases

In real-life sentences, adjectives are often accompanied by modifiers like adverbs (e.g., "very," "extremely") and prepositional phrases (e.g., "...with me," "...about the man"). In other words, an adjective (shown in bold) will often feature in an "adjective phrase" (shaded).

• My bankers are very happy with me. (The popstar formerly known as Prince)
(In this example, the adjective phrase describes "bankers.")
• The dragonfly is an exceptionally beautiful insect but a fierce carnivore.
(Here, the adjective phrase describes "insect.")

Here's a more formal definition:

Formal Definition for Adjective Phrase

An adjective phrase is a group of words headed by an adjective that describes a noun.

Read more about adjective phrases.

Adjective Clauses

The last thing to say about adjectives is that clauses can also function as adjectives. With an adjective clause, the clause is linked to the noun being described with a relative pronoun ("who," "whom," "whose," "that," or "which") or a relative adverb ("when," "where," or "why"). Like all clauses, it will have a subject and a verb.

• The people who make history are not the people who make it but the people who make it and then write about it. (Musician Julian Cope)
• I live in that solitude which is painful in youth but delicious in the years of maturity. (Physicist Albert Einstein)
(It can start getting complicated. In the adjective clause above, "painful in youth" and "delicious in the years of maturity" are adjective phrases.)

Here's a formal definition:

Formal Definition for Adjective Clause

An adjective clause is a multi-word adjective that includes a subject and a verb.

Read more about adjective clauses.

Why Adjectives Are Important

This section covers a lot of adjective-associated terms, most of which have their own pages that highlight their quirks and issues. Below are five top-level points linked to adjectives.

(Point 1) Reduce your word count with the right adjective.

Try to avoid using words like "very" and "extremely" to modify adjectives. Pick better adjectives.

• very happy boy > delighted boy
• very angry > livid
• extremely posh hotel > luxurious hotel
• really serious look > stern look

The examples above are not wrong, but they are not succinct. The best writing is precise and concise.

(Point 2) Reduce your word count by removing adjectives.

Picking the right noun can eliminate the need for an adjective.

• whaling ship > whaler
• disorderly crowd > mob
• organized political dissenting group > faction

You can also reduce your word count by removing redundant adjectives.

• joint cooperation > cooperation
• necessary requirement > requirement
• handwritten manuscript > manuscript

The examples above are not wrong, but they are not succinct. The needless repetition of a single concept is known as tautology.

(Point 3) Avoid incomprehensible strings of "adjectives."

In business writing (especially with technical subjects), it is not unusual to encounter strings of attributive nouns. In each example below, the attributive-noun string is shaded.

• Factor in the service level agreement completion time. (difficult to understand)
• Engineers will install the email retrieval process improvement software. (difficult)
• He heads the network services provision team. (difficult)
• The system needs a remote encryption setting reset. (difficult)

Noun strings like these are difficult to follow. If you use one, you will almost certainly bring the reading flow of your readers to a screeching halt as they stop to unpick the meaning, or, worse, they'll zone out and skim over your words without understanding them.

To avoid such barely intelligible noun strings, do one or all of the following:

• Completely rearrange the sentence.
• Convert one of the nouns to a verb.
• Use hyphens to highlight the compound adjectives.

Here are the reworked sentences:

• Factor in the time to complete the service-level agreement. (better)
• Engineers will install the software to improve the email-retrieval process. (better)
• He heads the team providing network services. (better)
• The system needs a reset of the remote-encryption setting. (better)

(Point 4) Don't complete a linking verb with an adverb.

Most writers correctly use an adjective after a linking verb.

• It tastes nice. It smells nice. It seems nice. By Jove, it is nice.

There's an issue though. For some, the linking verb "to feel" doesn't feel like a linking verb and, knowing that adverbs modify verbs, they use an adverb.

• I feel badly for letting you down.
("Badly" is an adverb. It should be "bad.")

This error happens with other linking verbs too, but it's most common with "to feel."

• Bad service and food tasted awfully. (Title of an online restaurant review by "Vanessa")
("Awfully" is an adverb. It should be "awful.")

(Point 5) Use postpositive adjectives for emphasis.

Putting an adjective immediately after a noun (i.e., using the adjective postpositively) is a technique for creating emphasis. (The deliberate changing of normal word order for emphasis is called anastrophe.)

• I suppressed my thoughts sinful and revengeful.
• The sea stormy and perilous steadily proceeded.

Key Points