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Clause
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What Is a Clause? (with Examples)
A clause is a group of words that functions as one part of speech and that includes a subject and a verb.Interactive Examples of Clauses
Here are some interactive examples to help explain clauses. In these examples, the subjects are blue, and the verbs are green.An Explanation of Clause
Look at this sentence:- All cars stop when they see a red flag.
(1) "All cars stop"
(The subject of this clause is "all cars," and the verb is "stop." We have shown this clause in bold because it is the main clause, called an independent clause.)
(2) "when they see a red flag"
(The subject of this clause is "they," and the verb is "see." We have not shown this one in bold because it is a dependent clause. This clause is functioning like an adverb. Compare the sentence to "All cars stop immediately." This proves that "when they see a red flag" is functioning as an adverb.)
Remember that a clause functions as one part of speech. Look at this infographic:

Types of Clause
All clauses are categorized as one of the following:(1) An Independent Clause. An independent clause (shown in bold throughout this lesson) functions like a complete sentence. For example:
- John eats eggs.
A clause functioning like an adjective:
- John eats eggs that his chickens lay. (Compare this to "John eats free-range eggs." This proves the clause is functioning like an adjective. The subject of the dependent clause is "his chickens," and the verb of the dependent clause is "lay.")
- John eats eggs when his chickens lay them. (Compare this to "John eats eggs constantly." This proves the clause is functioning like an adverb.)
- John eats what his chickens lay. (Compare this to "John eats eggs." This proves the clause is functioning like a noun. Notice that the noun clause is part of the independent clause.)
Clauses vs Phrases
A clause contrasts with a phrase, which does not contain a subject and a verb. The distinction between a clause and a phrase is clearer when you see them side by side:Anna sings... | when she wakes up. This is a clause. It has a subject ("she") and a verb ("wakes up"). |
in the morning. This is a phrase. There is no subject and no verb. |
The ravens lived... | where the factories are. This is a clause. It has a subject ("the factories") and a verb ("are"). |
in the area of the new factories. This is a phrase. There is no subject and no verb. |
Video Lesson
Here is a short video summarizing this lesson on clauses.More Examples of Clauses
- During the day, Vlad slept in a coffin. (The subject of this clause is "Vlad." The verb is "slept." "During the day" is a phrase because there is no verb.)
- When the Moon shone, he lurked in the shadows. (The subject of the first clause is "the Moon." The verb is "shone." The subject of the second clause is "he." The verb is "lurked.")
- He stalked a pretty milkmaid, who lived in the neighbouring village. (The subject of the first clause is "He." The verb is "stalked." The subject of the second clause is "who." The verb is "lived.")
Printable and Sendable Test
Real-Life Examples of Clauses
Remember that there are two types of clause:(1) An independent clause. An independent clause can stand alone as a sentence. (We have shown them all in bold.)
(2) A dependent clause. A dependent clause is a supporting part of a sentence. (These are highlighted but not bold.)
Here are three real-life quotations with the clauses explained.
- Even though I made $800 million, I am still grounded. (Boxer Floyd Mayweather) (The independent clause could be a standalone sentence, but the dependent clause couldn't.)
- After I die, I'll be forgotten. (Anon)
- A computer once beat me at chess, but it was no match for me at kick boxing. (Comedian Louis Hector Berlioz) (It is possible to have a sentence with two independent clauses. This is called a compound sentence.)
How Are Dependent Clauses Used in Sentences?
Dependent clauses can play a variety of roles in sentences. A dependent clause can function as an adjective, an adverb, or a noun.(1) Adjective Clauses
- My friend who lives in London looks like Homer Simpson. (The dependent clause functions like an adjective. It could be replaced with an adjective, e.g., "my London-based friend." Notice that it sits within the independent clause.)
- You should never make fun of something that a person can't change about themselves. (YouTuber Phil Lester) (This dependent clause could be replaced with an adjective, e.g., "unchangeable.")
(2) Adverbial Clauses
- He lost his double chin after he gave up chocolate. (The dependent clause functions like an adverb. It could be replaced with an adverb, e.g., "recently.")
- I am not afraid of the pen, the scaffold, or the sword. I will tell the truth wherever I please. (Labour-rights campaigner Mary Harris Jones aka "Mother Jones") (The first sentence does not have a dependent clause. In the second sentence, the dependent clause could be replaced with an adverb, e.g., "there.")
(3) Noun Clauses
- She cannot remember what she said last night. (The dependent clause functions like a noun. It could be replaced with a noun, e.g., "her rant." Notice that the noun clause is part of the independent clause. This is common with noun clauses.)
- Now I know why tigers eat their young. (Mobster Al Capone) (This dependent clause could be replaced with a noun, e.g., "the reason.")
Why Clauses Are Important
Here are two great reasons to care about clauses. (For the rest of this lesson, we have stopped bolding the independent clauses.)(1) Understanding when to offset an adjective clause with commas.
The adjective clauses in these two sentences are identical, except one is offset with commas and one isn't. They are both punctuated correctly. So, what's going on?- A boy who went to my school won the lottery.
- Michael Carroll, who went to my school, won the lottery.
Look at the second example. When an adjective clause is just additional information, then it is offset with commas. (Put another way, the subject of the sentence is "Michael Carroll.") If you'd happily put brackets around the clause or delete it, then it should be offset with commas.
Here are some more examples:
- You went through a phase when you dyed your hair purple.
- You went through a punk phase, when you dyed your hair purple.
- You went through a mod phase, when you started school, a punk phase when you dyed your hair purple and a punk phase when you dyed your hair green.
(2) Understanding when to offset an adverbial clause with commas.
The adverbial clauses in these two sentences are identical, except one is offset with a comma and one isn't. They are both punctuated correctly. So what's going on?- When the game has finished, the king and pawn go in the same box.
(Italian Proverb)
- The king and pawn go in the same box when the game has finished.
This "rule" works well with most adverbial clauses (which tend to be adverbs of time, place, or condition). Look at the commas after the fronted adverbials in these examples:
Adverbial Clauses of Time
- When you win, say nothing. When you lose, say less.
(NFL coach Paul Brown)
- Say nothing when you win. Say less when you lose.
- Where there are too many soldiers, there is no peace. Where there are too many lawyers, there is no justice.
(Chinese philosopher Lin Yutang)
- There is no peace where there are too many soldiers. There is no justice where there are too many lawyers.
- If you think you can, you can. If you think you can't, you're right.
(Businesswoman Mary Kay Ash)
- You can if you think you can. You're right if you think you can't.
Key Points
- If your clause is needed to identify your noun, don't offset it with commas.
- The only man who never makes a mistake is the man who never does anything.
(US President Theodore Roosevelt)
- If your clause is just additional information that you'd happily put in brackets or delete, offset it with commas.
- My father, who had previously been a civil engineer, died in the great influenza epidemic of 1918.
(Physicist James Rainwater)
- If your adverbial clause is fronted, use a comma.
- Don't use a comma if your adverbial clause is at the back.
- Do you disagree with something on this page?
- Did you spot a typo?
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See Also
What are verbs? What is a phrase? What is an independent clause? What is a dependent clause? What are subordinating conjunctions? What are nouns? What are noun clauses? What are adjectives? What are adjective clauses? What are adverbs? What are adverbial clauses? Using commas with which, that, and who What are non-restrictive clauses? What are restrictive clauses? Glossary of grammatical termsPage URL