Clause

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What Is a Clause? (with Examples)

A clause is a group of words that includes a subject and a verb. (A clause functions as one part of speech.)

Interactive Examples of Clauses

Here are some interactive examples to help explain clauses. In these examples, the subjects are blue, and the verbs are green.

An Explanation of Clause

Look at this sentence:

• All cars stop when they see a red flag.

This sentence has two clauses:

(1) "All cars stop"
(The subject of this clause is "All cars," and the verb is "stop." We have shown this clause in bold because it is the main clause, called an independent clause.)

(2) "when they see a red flag"
(The subject of this clause is "they," and the verb is "see." We have not shown this one in bold because it is a dependent clause. This clause is functioning like an adverb. Compare the sentence to "All cars stop immediately." This proves that "when they see a red flag" is functioning as an adverb.)

Remember that a clause functions as one part of speech. Look at this infographic:

Types of Clause

All clauses are categorized as one of the following:

(1) An Independent Clause. An independent clause (shown in bold throughout this lesson) functions like a complete sentence. For example:

• John eats eggs.

(2) A Dependent Clause. A dependent clause functions like an adjective, an adverb, or a noun. This means there are three types of dependent clause. In each of these examples, the dependent clause is highlighted.

(Notice that a dependent clause can be part of an independent clause, which is why some clauses in our examples are bold and highlighted.)

A clause functioning like an adjective:

• John eats eggs that his chickens lay.
(Compare this to "John eats free-range eggs." This proves the clause is functioning like an adjective. The subject of the dependent clause is "his chickens," and the verb of the dependent clause is "lay.")

A clause functioning like an adverb:

• John eats eggs when his chickens lay them.
(Compare this to "John eats eggs regularly." This proves the clause is functioning like an adverb.)

A clause functioning like a noun:

• John eats what his chickens lay.
(Compare this to "John eats eggs." This proves the clause is functioning like a noun. Notice that the noun clause is part of the independent clause, which is why the dependent clause is bold and highlighted.)

Clauses vs Phrases

A clause contrasts with a phrase, which does not contain a subject and a verb. The distinction between a clause and a phrase is clearer when you see them side by side:

Anna sings...	when she wakes up. This is a clause. It has a subject ("she") and a verb ("wakes up").
	in the morning. This is a phrase. There is no subject and no verb.

Here is another example:

The ravens lived...	where the factories are. This is a clause. It has a subject ("the factories") and a verb ("are").
	in the area of the new factories. This is a phrase. There is no subject and no verb.

More Examples of Clauses

• During the day, Vlad slept in a coffin.
(The subject of this clause is "Vlad." The verb is "slept." "During the day" is a phrase because there is no verb.)
• When the Moon shone, he lurked in the shadows.
(The subject of the first clause is "the Moon." The verb is "shone." The subject of the second clause is "he." The verb is "lurked.")
• He stalked a pretty milkmaid, who lived in the neighbouring village.
(The subject of the first clause is "He." The verb is "stalked." The subject of the second clause is "who." The verb is "lived.")

Real-Life Examples of Clauses

Remember that there are two types of clause:

(1) An independent clause. An independent clause can stand alone as a sentence. (We have shown them all in bold.)

(2) A dependent clause. A dependent clause is a supporting part of a sentence. (These are highlighted.)

Here are three real-life quotations with the clauses explained.

• Even though I made $800 million, I am still grounded. (Boxer Floyd Mayweather)
(The independent clause could be a standalone sentence, but the dependent clause couldn't.)
• After I die, I'll be forgotten. (Anon)
• A computer once beat me at chess, but it was no match for me at kick boxing. (Comedian Louis Hector Berlioz)
(It is possible to have a sentence with two independent clauses. This is called a compound sentence.)

The opening words of the dependent clauses above ("even though" and "after") are called subordinating conjunctions. Subordinating conjunctions link a dependent clause to an independent clause.

How Are Dependent Clauses Used in Sentences?

Dependent clauses can play a variety of roles in sentences. A dependent clause can function as an adjective, an adverb, or a noun.

(1) Adjective Clauses

• My friend who lives in London looks like Homer Simpson.
(The dependent clause functions like an adjective. It could be replaced with an adjective, e.g., "my London-based friend." Notice that it sits within the independent clause.)
• You should never make fun of something that a person can't change about themselves. (YouTuber Phil Lester)
(This dependent clause could be replaced with an adjective, e.g., "unchangeable.")

Read more about adjective clauses.

(2) Adverbial Clauses

• He lost his double chin after he gave up chocolate.
(The dependent clause functions like an adverb. It could be replaced with an adverb, e.g., "recently.")
• I am not afraid of the pen, the scaffold, or the sword. I will tell the truth wherever I please. (Labour-rights campaigner Mary Harris Jones aka "Mother Jones")
(The first sentence does not have a dependent clause. In the second sentence, the dependent clause could be replaced with an adverb, e.g., "there.")

Read more about adverbial clauses.

(3) Noun Clauses

• She cannot remember what she said last night.
(The dependent clause functions like a noun. It could be replaced with a noun, e.g., "her rant." Notice that the noun clause is part of the independent clause. This is common with noun clauses.)
• Now I know why tigers eat their young. (Mobster Al Capone)
(This dependent clause could be replaced with a noun, e.g., "the reason.")

Read more about noun clauses.

Why Clauses Are Important

Here are two great reasons to care about clauses. (For the rest of this lesson, we have stopped bolding the independent clauses.)

(1) Understanding when to offset an adjective clause with commas.

The adjective clauses in these two sentences are identical, except one is offset with commas and one isn't. They are both punctuated correctly. So, what's going on?

• A boy who went to my school won the lottery.
• Michael Carroll, who went to my school, won the lottery.

Look at the first example. When an adjective clause is required to identify its noun (here, "boy"), then it is not offset with commas. (Put another way, the subject of the sentence is "A boy who went to my school.")

Look at the second example. When an adjective clause is just additional information, then it is offset with commas. (Put another way, the subject of the sentence is "Michael Carroll.") If you'd happily put brackets around the clause or delete it, then it should be offset with commas.

Here are some more examples:

• You went through a phase when you dyed your hair purple.
(There is no comma because the clause is needed to identify the phase. A clause that's necessary for identification is called a restrictive clause.)
• You went through a punk phase, when you dyed your hair purple.
(There is a comma because the phase has already been identified as the punk phase. The clause is just additional information. A clause that's just additional information is called a non-restrictive clause.)
• You went through a mod phase, when you started school, a punk phase when you dyed your hair purple and a punk phase when you dyed your hair green.
(The first adjective clause is just additional information (hence the commas), but the other two are required to identify the punk phases (hence no commas).)

Lots of writers fly by the seat of their pants when it comes to commas, and mistakes with commas are extremely common. Therefore, this is a key point for writers. It crops up all the time (especially with "who" and "which"). It is covered again from slightly different perspectives in the entries on adjective clauses, adjective phrases, relative adverbs, relative pronouns, restrictive clauses, and non-restrictive clauses. Don't worry though! It's this idea every time:

The Same Idea Every Time

If you'd happily put your clause in brackets or delete it, then use commas because it must be non-essential.

(2) Understanding when to offset an adverbial clause with commas.

The adverbial clauses in these two sentences are identical, except one is offset with a comma and one isn't. They are both punctuated correctly. So what's going on?

• When the game has finished, the king and pawn go in the same box. (Italian Proverb)
• The king and pawn go in the same box when the game has finished.

When your adverbial clause (or phrase for that matter) is at the front of a sentence (often called a "fronted adverbial"), it is good practice to use a comma afterwards (as in the first sentence above). When it's at the back, the comma tends to be omitted (as in the second sentence).

This "rule" works well with most adverbial clauses (which tend to be adverbs of time, place, or condition). Look at the commas after the fronted adverbials in these examples:

Adverbial Clauses of Time

• When you win, say nothing. When you lose, say less. (NFL coach Paul Brown)
• Say nothing when you win. Say less when you lose.

Adverbial Clauses of Place

• Where there are too many soldiers, there is no peace. Where there are too many lawyers, there is no justice. (Chinese philosopher Lin Yutang)
• There is no peace where there are too many soldiers. There is no justice where there are too many lawyers.

Adverbial Clauses of Condition

• If you think you can, you can. If you think you can't, you're right. (Businesswoman Mary Kay Ash)
• You can if you think you can. You're right if you think you can't.

Key Points

Video Lesson

Here is a short video summarizing this lesson on clauses.

Printable Test