Ms., Miss, or Mrs.

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Ms., Miss, or Mrs.?

"Ms.," "Miss," and "Mrs." are honorifics used for females. They are not interchangeable, and the differences can be nuanced. As a consequence, writers are often unsure whether to use "Ms.," "Miss," or "Mrs." when addressing a woman in an email or a letter.

These feminine honorifics are all contractions of the word "Mistress." In general terms:

• "Miss" denotes an unmarried woman.
(As it looks like a real word and not a contraction, "Miss" is usually written without a period (full stop).)
• "Mrs." denotes a married woman.
• "Ms." offers no indication whether the woman is married or single.

However, these are not 100% rules, and there are some nuances worth learning if you do not wish to offend.

Ms.

The contraction "Ms." is short for "Mistress."

"Mistress" is the female version of "Mister" (which is shortened to "Mr."). Neither "Ms." nor "Mr." tells us the marital status of the person.

When referring to a woman whose marital status is unknown, it is nearly always safe to use "Ms." It is also nearly always safe to use "Ms." if the woman has been divorced or widowed and it is unknown whether she wants to remain a "Mrs." or revert to "Miss."

Unfortunately, even though using "Ms." ought to be 100% safe in all circumstances, some married women believe it to be a lower status than "Mrs." Therefore, to eliminate completely the risk of causing any offence, you will need to do some investigative work to find out what title the woman uses for herself.

Mrs.

Like "Ms." and "Miss," the contraction "Mrs." is short for "Mistress." It is used for a married woman. "Mrs." can also be used for a divorced or widowed woman who wishes to retain the title.

The reasons for retaining the "Mrs." title are personal and varied, but they include:

• Ensuring the children's parents have the same surname.
• Maintaining respect for a deceased husband.
• Warding off future suitors.
• Maintaining the kudos of a famous husband.

Also of note, some married women prefer "Ms." over "Mrs." as a sign of independence, and some even use "Ms." in a work setting and "Mrs." in a home setting. Therefore, to eliminate completely the risk of causing any offence, you will need to do some investigative work to find out what title the woman uses for herself.

Miss

Like "Ms." and "Mrs.," the contraction "Miss" is short for "Mistress." It is used for an unmarried woman.

It is highly appropriate to use "Miss" for a young girl or woman below marrying age. "Miss" can also be used for a previously married woman, but you should only use "Miss" if you know the woman uses this title for herself. Using "Miss" for a divorced or widowed woman carries the connotation that she is available to suitors, and this could offend her.

Should I Use a Full Stop / Period after an Honorific Title?

Titles like "Dr.," "Ms.," and "Mr." are known as honorifics. In the US, readers expect an honorific to be followed with a period. In the UK, a period (or full stop) is less common but is acceptable.

• I know Ms. Jones. () ()
• I know Ms Jones. () ()

Of note, as it looks like a word not an abbreviation, the honorific "Miss" tends not to have a period (full stop) under US or UK writing conventions. Writing "Miss." (with a period) is easily justified, but it is not the common practice. Read more about using periods / full stops in contractions.

What Are the Plurals of Mr., Ms., Mrs., and Miss?

Below are the most widely used plurals for the honorifics "Mr.," "Ms.," "Mrs.," and "Miss":

• The plural of "Mr." is "Messrs." (pronounced messers).
• Messrs. Smith and Jones cannot attend.
• The plural of "Miss" is "The Misses."
• The Misses Smith and Jones cannot attend.
("The Misses" tends to drop the period (full stop) even though it is a contraction.)
• The plural of "Mrs." is "Mesdames" (pronounced maydahm).
• Mesdames Smith and Jones cannot attend.
("Mesdames" drops the period (full stop) because it is not a contraction.)
• The plural of "Ms." is "Mss." or "Mses." (pronounced mzes).
• Mss. Smith and Jones cannot attend.

How Do You Pronounce Ms.?

The honorific "Ms." is pronounced mz (with a short uh sound between the m and the z).

Click below to hear the pronunciations of "Mr." "Ms.," "Miss," and "Mrs.": Click below to hear the pronunciations of the plural versions "Messrs.," "Mses.," "The Misses," "Mesdames":

Learn about "Mx."

Bear in mind that it might be appropriate to use "Mx.", which is a gender-neutral honorific title. Read more about "Mx.".

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